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    Unleashing the value of a “scientific approach” to entrepreneurship: Building an empirical research agenda
    (Wiley, 2026-07-24)
    Camuffo, Arnaldo
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    Gambardella, Alfonso
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    Research Summary: In this manuscript, we argue that the Entrepreneurs-as-Scientists (E-a-S) research program requires a fundamental shift from predominantly conceptual development toward an empirical agenda to achieve its normative goal: developing a scalable algorithm that improves entrepreneurial learning and value creation. The E-a-S approach prescribes that entrepreneurs learn by articulating causal theories, testing them, updating their beliefs, and revising their theories. We identify three risks of continued emphasis on conceptual development: overlooked complementarities, insufficient attention to boundary conditions, and potential overprescription based on limited evidence. We propose an empirical research agenda, as well as specific topics within it, to ground the E-a-S approach in systematic evidence, advancing a research program that is as rigorous in its methods as the entrepreneurial practices it seeks to improve. Managerial Summary: This manuscript examines a growing approach that encourages entrepreneurs to think and act like scientists—by clearly articulating assumptions, testing them through experiments, updating beliefs, and refining their strategies. The goal is to develop a reliable, scalable method that improves how entrepreneurs learn and create value. However, current insights and ongoing research projects predominantly focus on conceptual work. We highlight three practical risks of such a focus: missing complementarities, overlooking when the learning method works best, and applying it too broadly without sufficient validation. We suggest that entrepreneurs use this approach flexibly since it was not designed to be a fixed formula. Ongoing research will clarify how to adapt it across contexts, helping entrepreneurs make more informed, disciplined, and effective strategic decisions.
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    Diversity and/or Inclusion? Evidence from Disability Quota and Inclusion Laws in Brazil
    (Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), 2026-08-21)
    Nardi, Leandro
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    Huysentruyt, Marieke
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    Obloj, Tomasz
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    This paper studies a fundamental trade-off created by quota laws and similar policies that seek to increase workplace diversity by mandating the hiring of disadvantaged populations. We show that firm-level responses to these policies can benefit members of the targeted population seeking entry into employment while imposing unintended costs on those already employed. Failure to account for this trade-off may lead firms and policymakers, when focused exclusively on the promotion of diversity, to pursue initiatives that may undermine the inclusion of incumbent underrepresented workers. To study this trade-off, we develop a conceptual framework and empirically examine employment outcomes for people with disabilities (PwD) in Brazil. Specifically, we study firms’ heterogeneous responses to an evolving institutional landscape: a 2012 reform that strengthened enforcement of Brazil’s pre-existing but largely ineffective disability quota law, and the subsequent 2015 Inclusion Law, a broader nondiscrimination statute that expanded societal protections for PwD. Using matched employer-employee data, we find that stricter quota enforcement significantly increased hiring of PwD, particularly among noncompliant firms that began recruiting from previously underutilized labor pools. Yet these gains in representation came with uneven consequences for inclusion: although job stability improved, wage gaps widened and career progression slowed for incumbent PwD relative to non-PwD, especially within firms that had failed to meet their quota targets. These adverse consequences persisted despite the enactment of the Inclusion Law, underscoring that nondiscrimination frameworks may be insufficient to offset the unintended consequences of quota laws.
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    Location-Specificity and Relocation Incentive Programs for Remote Workers
    (Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), 2025-01) ;
    Choudhury, Prithwiraj (Raj)
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    Starr, Evan
    The precipitous growth of remote work has given rise to a new phenomenon: the emergence of relocation incentive programs that localities use to compete for the physical presence of remote workers. Remote workers with high general human capital may create value for their new destinations and reverse net talent outflow from smaller cities in middle America and globally. However, localities seeking to attract, retain, and create value from remote workers face significant challenges because such workers may have a low attachment to their new destination. Analogizing these challenges to the problem of creating and capturing value from workers with general human capital, we argue that localities can benefit from using relocation incentive program by leveraging location-specific attributes that create value for the individual and the locality. We examined these ideas in the context of Tulsa Remote, a program that provides relocation incentives and a bundle of services to increase engagement and embeddedness in Tulsa, Oklahoma. We found that Tulsa Remote increased community engagement, real income, and entrepreneurship of remote workers, benefiting both the community and the individual. Tulsa Remote increased the worker’s willingness to stay, and local community engagement is a key driver of this relationship. This work thus suggests that location specificity enables localities to both create and capture value from remote workers.
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    Scopus© Citations 5
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    Investing in general human capital as a relational strategy: Evidence on flexible arrangements with contract workers
    (Wiley, 2024-05-01) ;
    Lazzarini, Sérgio
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    Cabral, Sandro
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    McGahan, Anita M.
    Research Summary: This article examines a firm's investment in the general skills of contract workers in flexible work arrangements. It theorizes that this investment may prolong a productive firm‐worker collaboration even when workers’ mobility barriers are low. It also proposes that achieving such benefits requires that the firm frames the relational benefits of the investments both to managers and workers. Such a “relational framing” mitigates worker concerns about subsequent productivity demands and manager concerns about worker mobility. Experimental and non‐experimental studies conducted in a multinational cosmetics direct sales company support the theory. Investments in the general skills of workers—even those in flexible work arrangements—can benefit both firms and workers by deepening the firm‐worker relationship while increasing value creation. Managerial Summary: Should companies train workers in general skills if the workers can easily leave and transfer productivity gains to competing firms? A common answer to this question is “no,” especially when targeting workers hired under flexible arrangements, such as gig workers and direct sales representatives. This article offers a different perspective. It predicts that these investments signal a company's commitment to nurture workers’ development. In turn, workers reciprocate by prolonging a more productive collaboration. Training thus benefits workers and companies. Using relational terms to frame training programs enables the promotion by managers of training opportunities, and uptake by workers. This framing overcomes managerial concerns about worker exit and worker concerns about subsequent productivity demands. Studies conducted in a multinational cosmetics direct sales company support these arguments.
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    Scopus© Citations 21
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    Can Public Organizations Perform Like Private Firms? The Role of Heterogeneous Resources and Practices
    (Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), 2023-07) ;
    Lazzarini, Sérgio
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    Cabral, Sandro
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    Nardi, Leandro
    Despite the well-known governance problems in public (state-owned) organizations, such as process rigidity, limited autonomy, and weak incentives, public organizations exhibit substantial performance heterogeneity, with some performing similarly to their private counterparts. In this paper, we scrutinize those sources of heterogeneous performance based on the interplay of management practices and resources. We argue that the governance constraints in public organizations inhibit the adoption of performance-enhancing practices. However, this negative effect is attenuated by the presence of distinct resources, such as human capital. We examine these effects in the context of over 9,000 public and private schools in Brazil. We find that private schools are more likely to use internal operational practices, such as planning and human resource management, as well as practices of engaging with external stakeholders. Differential adoption of these practices partially explains why private schools outperform their public counterparts in terms of student learning. Yet, access to highly educated teachers in public schools attenuates the negative association between public governance and the adoption of superior practices. In other words, schools with skilled teachers are more likely to adopt superior practices, thus reducing their performance gap compared with private schools. This result suggests that heterogeneous resource endowments—in our context, human capital—can soften governance constraints that inhibit performance-enhancing practices in public organizations. We thus show that heterogeneous practices and resources jointly explain not only performance differences across public and private organizations but also variations in the performance of organizations with the same governance form. Funding: This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [Grant 428670/2016-4]; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo [Grants 2016/18423-3 and 2017/07423-5]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1634 .
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    Scopus© Citations 10
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    Multitasking while driving: A time use study of commuting knowledge workers to assess current and future uses
    (Elsevier BV, 2022-06) ;
    Kun, Andrew L.
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    Sadun, Raffaella
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    Shaer, Orit
    Commuting has enormous impact on individuals, families, organizations, and society. Advances in vehicle automation may help workers employ the time spent commuting in productive work-tasks or wellbeing activities. To achieve this goal, however, we need to develop a deeper understanding of which work and personal activities are of value for commuting workers. In this paper we present results from an online time-use study of 400 knowledge workers who commute-by-driving. The data allow us to study multitasking-while-driving behavior of commuting knowledge workers, identify which non-driving tasks knowledge workers currently engage in while driving, and the non-driving tasks individuals would like to engage in when using a safe highly automated vehicle in the future. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of technology that supports work and wellbeing activities in automated cars.
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    Scopus© Citations 21
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    How does working from home during COVID-19 affect what managers do? Evidence from time-Use studies
    (Taylor and Francis (United Kingdom), 2022-01-01) ;
    Sadun, Raffaella
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    Kun, Andrew L.
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    Shaer, Orit
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    Scopus© Citations 34