Daniel Sokolowski
Last Name
Sokolowski
First name
Daniel
Email
daniel.sokolowski@unisg.ch
ORCID
Phone
+41 71 224 7823
3 results
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Item type:Publication, The PIPr Dataset of Public Infrastructure as Code Programs(2024); ; ; With Programming Languages Infrastructure as Code (PL-IaC), developers implement IaC programs in popular imperative programming languages like Python and Typescript. Such programs generate the declarative target state of the deployment, i.e., they describe what to set up, not how to set it up. Despite the popularity of PL-IaC, which has grown more than ten times from 2020 to 2023, we know little about how developers apply it and how IaC programs differ from other software. Such knowledge is essential to effectively use existing software engineering techniques and develop new ones for PL-IaC. To shed light on PL-IaC in practice, we present PIPr, the first systematic PL-IaC dataset. PIPr is based on 37 712 public IaC programs on GitHub from August 2022 and includes initial analyses, assessing the programming languages, testing techniques, and licenses of the IaC programs. Beyond the metadata and analysis results of all IaC programs, PIPr contains the code of all 15 504 IaC programs whose licenses permit redistribution. PIPr sets the ground for future in-depth investigations on PL-IaC in practice.Type:conference paperScopus© Citations 9 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Extensible Testing for Infrastructure as Code(2023); ; Developers automate deployments with Programming Languages Infrastructure as Code (PL-IaC) by implementing IaC programs in popular languages like TypeScript and Python. Yet, systematic testing-well established for high-velocity software development-is rarely applied to IaC programs because IaC testing techniques are either slow or require extensive development e ort. To solve this dilemma, we develop ProTI, a novel IaC unit testing approach, and implement it for Pulumi TypeScript. Our preliminary experiments with simple type-based test case generators and oracles show that ProTI can nd bugs reliably in a short time, often without writing any additional testing code. ProTI's extensible plugin architecture allows combining, adopting, and experimenting with new approaches, opening the discussion about novel generators and oracles for e cient IaC testing.Type:conference posterScopus© Citations 1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Reliable infrastructure as Code for Decentralized OrganizationsIT must be reliable for organizations to thrive and quickly adaptable for their swift reaction to their environment. Agility is vital, and DevOps achieves these goals by empowering independent cross-functional teams in decentralized organizations and automating the entire software pipeline. Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the critical tool to automate software operations, including infrastructure provisioning, application deployment, and configuration. Beyond simple IaC scripts, developers implement IaC programs in programming languages like TypeScript and Python. Such IaC programs are software, and their reliability is crucial to the functionality and security of the deployed systems. Still, techniques for the rapid development of reliable IaC programs are missing, limiting organizations’ agility. Specifically, developers lack automation for deployment coordination and updating and quality assurance tools for, e.g., testing and verification. We surveyed 134 IT professionals, finding that coordination across deployments is commonly needed and often requires manual coordination, even though IT professionals believe automated coordination yields better agility. However, automated approaches are centralized, limiting team independence and agility in decentralized organizations. To solve this issue, we propose automating coordination across deployments in a decentralized fashion through μs ([mju:z] “muse”), a novel IaC solution. With μs, teams have separate IaC programs, which express and jointly automate the correct order of operations across deployments. We further show how μs enables safe updating through IaC programs, preventing updates from breaking distributed transactions or workflows. Beyond automating the coordination of IaC programs, we address the reliability of IaC program code. To unblock studies, we built a dataset of 37 712 public IaC programs. In initial analyses, only a vanishing fraction implements tests. We identified that available testing techniques are either slow and resource-intensive or require excessive development effort. To solve this dilemma, we propose ACT, an extensible automated unit testing approach that enables testing IaC programs quickly in hundreds of configurations, often without writing additional testing code. This dissertation studies the coordination and testing of IaC programs. Empirically motivated, we present μs for safe deployment coordination and updating in decentralized setups and ACT for efficient testing of IaC programs. Our contributions nurture future research and reliable deployments in decentralized organizations, ensuring agility.Type:doctoral thesisJournal:Dissertation, Universität St. Gallen