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    Digital Twins of Business Processes: A Research Manifesto
    (Elsevier, 2024)
    Fornari, Fabrizio
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    Compagnucci, Ivan
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    Callisto, Massimo
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    Donato, De
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    Bertrand, Yannis
    Modern organizations necessitate continuous business processes improvement to maintain efficiency, adaptability, and competitiveness. In the last few years, the Internet of Things, via the deployment of sensors and actuators, has heavily been adopted in organizational and industrial settings to monitor and automatize physical processes influencing and enhancing how people and organizations work. Such advancements are now pushed forward by the rise of the Digital Twin paradigm applied to organizational processes. Advanced ways of managing and maintaining business processes come within reach as there is a Digital Twin of a business process - a virtual replica with real-time capabilities of a real process occurring in an organization. Combining business process models with real-time data and simulation capabilities promises to provide a new way to guide day-to-day organization activities. However, integrating Digital Twins and business processes is a non-trivial task, presenting numerous challenges and ambiguities. This manifesto paper aims to contribute to the current state of the art by clarifying the relationship between business processes and Digital Twins, identifying ongoing research and open challenges, thereby shedding light on and driving future exploration of this innovative interplay.
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    Scopus© Citations 17
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    Generating Stream Processing Applications for IoT-based Process Event Abstraction: A Framework and Architecture
    (Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2026-03) ; ;
    Events play an important role in information systems engineering to facilitate the analysis of relevant happenings in a system or business process via process mining. The Internet of Things (IoT) provides new ways of collecting execution-related events in real world-physical-systems using sensors and actuators. However, these new sources emit data at a too fine-grained level, which prevents process mining from deriving meaningful insights. We present a generic event abstraction framework to lift low-level data to higher level events. Starting with annotated IoT data, we generate stream processing applications that encode change patterns derived from the low-level data. These applications are then used for detecting events and activities at runtime within our proposed software architecture. We evaluate the approach for process executions in smart manufacturing and smart healthcare.
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    A semi-automated approach to detecting process-level activities from sensor data
    (Elsevier, 2025-04)
    García-Bañuelos, Luciano
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    González González, Mauricio Jacobo
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    Silva Trujillo, Alejandra Guadalupe
    Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can be leveraged to monitor and check the conformance of business process executions in the absence of a Business Process Management (BPM) System. This poses the challenge of detecting process activities from lowlevel sensor data by means of event abstraction. Existing methods rely on fully supervised approaches, combining sensor data and process event logs to train classification models. However, frequently these logs are not available, invalidating the applicability of such methods. In this paper, we propose a semi-automated approach to detecting process activities from sensor data based on frequently repeated subsequences and automata. We evaluate the approach with a proof-of-concept implementation and data from a small-scale smart factory. Our evaluation demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach and its effectiveness in detecting process activities from sensor data to support domain experts with data analysis through automated suggestions.
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    Scopus© Citations 2
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    ProAmbitIon, reloaded: A two-year retrospection
    (ceur-ws.org, 2025-06) ; ;
    García-Bañuelos, Luciano
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    The rapid digital transformation of business processes holds significant promise for enhancing process automation, analysis, and optimization. However, digital traces of real-world processes-particularly those involving human activities-are frequently incomplete, thereby constraining the capabilities for automated process analysis. With the ProAmbitIon project, we address this challenge by leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) to bridge the gap between real-world process executions and their digital representations. First, by augmenting the process environment with sensors, we enable a fine-grained monitoring and contextualization of process activities. Next, by generating and enriching digital traces from and with IoT data, we enable online conformance checking without depending on traditional information systems. With the development of new approaches for IoT-driven process conformance checking, we also address the issue of ambiguities originating from process-related artifacts. The project is validated through real-world scenarios from healthcare and manufacturing. We report on the results and insights from the first two years of the project, and outline current work and next steps.
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    Activity and Sequence Detection Evaluation Metrics: A Comprehensive Tool for Event Log Comparison
    (ceur-ws.org, 2024-09)
    Aaron Friedrich Kurz
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    Nowadays, event logs are not only created by traditional information systems, but also new data sources such as the IoT are considered to derive and construct event logs. This makes it necessary to evaluate the quality of these detected event logs and their underlying detection methods by comparison with given ground truth logs. We present AquDeM, enabling the comparison of XES-based event logs to evaluate activity and sequence detection methods. AquDeM features 1) a Python library that allows for programmatic comparison of event logs featuring a comprehensive set of metrics, and 2) a web app for visual event log comparison.
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    ProAmbitIon: Online Process Conformance Checking with Ambiguities Driven by the Internet of Things
    (CEUR-WS.org, 2023-06) ; ;
    Mauricio Jacobo González González
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    Enrique Garcia-Ceja
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    Luis Armando Rodríguez Flores
    The ongoing digitization of processes in everyday life shows great potential for process automation, analysis, and optimization. However, digital traces of processes in the physical world, especially those involving human interactions, are often incomplete. This limits the possibilities for an automated process monitoring and analysis. ProAmbitIon proposes to use the Internet of Things (IoT) to bridge the gap between physical world process executions and their digital traces. In this project we leverage software-controlled sensors and actuators to enable a fine-grained monitoring and contextualization of process activities. Digital traces of executed processes can be created from and enriched with IoT data, and used for conformance checking to detect deviations-even at runtime and without relying on a Business Process Management System (BPMS). In developing new approaches for IoT-driven process conformance checking, we also address the issue of potential ambiguities originating from 1) informal process descriptions and 2) the lack of process-related data in IoT data. The project is conducted using real-world scenarios from smart healthcare and smart manufacturing.
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    Data-driven Generation of Services for IoT-based Online Activity Detection
    Business process management (BPM) technologies are increasingly adopted in the Internet of Things (IoT) to analyze processes executed in the physical world. Process mining is a mature discipline for analyzing business process executions from digital traces recorded by information systems. In typical IoT environments there is no central information system available to create homogeneous execution traces. Instead, many distributed devices including sensors and actuators produce low-level IoT data related to their operations, interactions and surroundings. We leverage this data to monitor the execution of activities and to create events suitable for process mining. We propose a framework to generate activity detection services from IoT data and a software architecture to execute these services. Our proof-of-concept implementation is based on an extensible complex event processing platform enabling the online detection of activities from IoT data. We use a running example from smart manufacturing to showcase the framework.
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    Scopus© Citations 12
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    From Internet of Things Data to Business Processes: Challenges and a Framework
    (2024-05)
    Jürgen Mangler
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    Benzin, Janik-Vasily
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    Grüger, Joscha
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    Kirikkayis, Yusuf
    The IoT and Business Process Management (BPM) communities co-exist in many shared application domains, such as manufacturing and healthcare. The IoT community has a strong focus on hardware, connectivity and data; the BPM community focuses mainly on finding, controlling, and enhancing the structured interactions among the IoT devices in processes. While the field of Process Mining deals with the extraction of process models and process analytics from process event logs, the data produced by IoT sensors often is at a lower granularity than these process-level events. The fundamental questions about extracting and abstracting process-related data from streams of IoT sensor values are: (1) Which sensor values can be clustered together as part of process events?, (2) Which sensor values signify the start and end of such events?, (3) Which sensor values are related but not essential? This work proposes a framework to semi-automatically perform a set of structured steps to convert low-level IoT sensor data into higher-level process events that are suitable for process mining. The framework is meant to provide a generic sequence of abstract steps to guide the event extraction, abstraction, and correlation, with variation points for plugging in specific analysis techniques and algorithms for each step. To assess the completeness of the framework, we present a set of challenges, how they can be tackled through the framework, and an example on how to instantiate the framework in a real-world demonstration from the field of smart manufacturing. Based on this framework, future research can be conducted in a structured manner through refining and improving individual steps.
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