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    Early viability assessment of a Business-to-Consumer (B2C) model for digital diabetes screening in Switzerland
    Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a rapidly growing public health and economic burden. Although early intervention can reverse the progression of prediabetes, traditional risk screening remains underutilized. Digital biomarkers derived from smartphones and wearables offer scalable real-time detection, yet financial barriers constrain their integration into health systems. This study assesses the viability of a Business-to-Consumer (B2C) digital diabetes screening venture within the Swiss healthcare system. Methods The Innovating in Healthcare Framework was applied to evaluate system alignment across six factors: structure, financing, public policy, technology, consumers, and accountability. Financial viability was modeled using a Monte Carlo program for probabilistic breakeven estimation, and one- and two-way sensitivity analyses for key funnel, price, and CAC variables. A discounted cash flow model assessed value creation. Sustainability was evaluated across four dimensions: revenue potential, cost efficiency, managerial scalability, and technological adaptability. Results The venture showed strong alignment with consumer readiness, technology, and accountability, but weak fit in financing, public policy, and system structure. Financial modeling indicated positive cash flow in Year 4, with a 57% probability of breakeven within seven years. At 2917 users in Year 7, cumulative cash flow was slightly below zero. Profitability becomes feasible only when price ≥CHF 40, CAC ≤CHF 200, and screening participation ≥10%. Against a-priori thresholds, breakeven probability and NPV remain insufficient, while IRR often exceeds 20%. Long-term viability requires these conditions or transitioning to reimbursed B2B pathways. Conclusions A B2C model can reach financial viability under favorable price and acquisition thresholds, but its long-term sustainability ultimately depends on regulatory validation that enables reimbursement.
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    Early health technology assessment of digital diabetes screening in Switzerland: cost-effectiveness and budget impact analyses
    (2026-02-11) ; ;
    Magdalena Fuchs
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    Qiuhan Jin
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    Benjamin Wirth
    Objectives Digital biomarkers offer scalable screening for type 2 diabetes, yet adoption is stalled by uncertainty regarding economic viability. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of digital screening compared to opportunistic screening from a Swiss payer perspective. Methods A probabilistic Markov cohort model was developed to simulate at-risk Swiss adults (age ≥45, BMI ≥25 kg/m²) over a 40-year horizon. The model incorporates a digital attrition parameter, inputs derived from Swiss-specific sources (e.g., the CoLaus study and FSO life tables), and statutory tariffs. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 3.0%. Results In the deterministic base-case, digital screening yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CHF 2,912 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated a 93.2% probability of cost-effectiveness at the CHF 50,000 threshold. The budget impact analysis estimated a Year 1 gross investment budget of CHF 27 million to identify prevalent cases, followed by long-term savings from averted complications. Conclusions Digital screening can be highly cost-effective in Switzerland. While the required Year 1 gross investment poses a liquidity challenge, reimbursement via pathway-oriented models under the Swiss tariff could align incentives with long-term complication avoidance.
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    Digital health technologies and stakeholder incentives in type-2 diabetes prevention
    Background Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is largely preventable through sustained lifestyle change, yet healthcare systems face challenges in implementing and sustaining lifestyle interventions at scale. Digital health technologies (DHTs), offering personalized risk assessments, remote monitoring, and behavior change support, may support T2D prevention. However, the systemic role of DHTs within the T2D prevention ecosystem remains poorly understood. This study examines (RQ1) What stakeholder incentives are associated with prevention engagement among payers, providers, and individuals? (RQ2) What incentive patterns are associated with DHT adoption in T2D prevention? (RQ3) How is DHT adoption associated with value exchange among stakeholders in the T2D prevention ecosystem? Methods We conducted a systematic literature review to identify existing incentives in preventive care (RQ1). Business model data from leading DHT companies in T2D prevention (via PitchBook and Crunchbase) were analyzed to examine emerging incentive patterns (RQ2). We conducted expert interviews (N = 26) and synthesized findings using the e3-value framework to map stakeholder relationships (RQ3). Results Our findings show that financial and non-financial incentives for prevention are often temporally misaligned. Engagement in lifestyle-based prevention is linked to short-term rewards, health, and convenience benefits for individuals and long-term cost savings for payers. DHT adoption for T2D prevention is associated with three key patterns: enhancing personalization and convenience for individuals, supporting value-based payment models for payers, and improving workflow efficiency for providers. Conclusions DHTs may help align stakeholder incentives by promoting (1) sustained engagement in lifestyle prevention programs (i.e., continuous glucose monitoring with real-time dietary or activity feedback) and providing individuals with micro-rewards (i.e., for behavior change and improved clinical outcomes). These coordinated feedback loops could be embedded within (2) outcome-based reimbursements for payers and linked to (3) automated workflows to improve provider efficiency (i.e., risk stratification). Realizing this potential requires updated reimbursement models, integrated stakeholder coordination, and supportive policy frameworks.
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    Digital health technologies and innovation patterns in diabetes ecosystems
    (SAGE Publications, 2025-01) ;
    Estelle Pfitzer
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    Hannes Gebhardt
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    Background The global rise in type-2 diabetes (T2D) has prompted the development of new digital technologies for diabetes management. However, despite the proliferation of digital health companies for T2D care, scaling their solutions remains a critical challenge. This study investigates the digital transformation of T2D ecosystems and seeks to identify key innovation patterns. We examine: (1) What are emerging organizations in digital diabetes ecosystems? (2) What are the value streams in digital T2D ecosystems? (3) Which innovation patterns are present in digital T2D ecosystems? Methods We conducted a literature review and market analysis to characterize organizations and value streams in T2D ecosystems, pre- and post-digital transformation. We used the e3-value methodology to visualize T2D ecosystems (RQ1 and RQ2) and conducted expert interviews to identify emerging innovation patterns in digital diabetes ecosystems (RQ3). Results Our analyses revealed the emergence of eight organization segments in digital diabetes ecosystems: real-world evidence analytics, healthcare management platforms, clinical decision support, diagnostic and monitoring, digital therapeutics, wellness, online community, and online pharmacy (RQ1). Visualizing the value streams among these organizations highlights the crucial importance of individual health data (RQ2). Furthermore, our analysis revealed four major innovation patterns within the digital diabetes ecosystem: open ecosystem strategies, outcome-based payment models, platformization, and user-centric software (RQ3). Conclusions Our findings illustrate the transition from traditional value chains in T2D care to platform-based and outcome-oriented models. These innovation patterns can inform strategic decisions for companies and healthcare providers, potentially helping anticipate new digital trends in diabetes care and across other chronic disease ecosystems.
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    Scopus© Citations 12
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    The longevity landscape: mapping stakeholder priorities for healthy aging among high-income countries
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-12-19) ; ; ; ;
    Jovanova, Mia
    Objective Global population aging presents significant economic and social challenges, requiring coordinated efforts to enhance healthy lifespans. However, little is known about how stakeholders prioritize healthy aging initiatives. We aimed to examine how a sample of stakeholders prioritize determinants of healthy aging, and what gaps or inconsistencies exist in stakeholder focus on these determinants? Methods We conducted a first systematic analysis of the value propositions of 56 stakeholders, including governments, companies, research centers, opinion leaders, communities, and multilateral organizations, identified through Web of Science, PitchBook, and Crunchbase. Guided by the National Academy of Medicine's All-of-Society framework, we assessed stakeholder emphasis on four determinants of healthy aging: public health systems, social factors, physical infrastructure, and work and education. Results Public health system reform emerged as the most emphasized determinant, with significant focus on investing in geroscience and developing tailored primary care for older adults. In contrast, critical social and infrastructural factors-such as digital literacy, housing, transportation, financial security, and loneliness-received limited attention among stakeholders. Conclusions These findings highlight the need for cross-sector partnerships to address these overlooked determinants and ensure a holistic approach to healthy aging. Future research should explore collaborative strategies to bridge these gaps to meet the diverse needs of aging populations. Highlights-The study systematically examines 56 stakeholders, highlighting the need for cross-sector partnerships to address neglected areas and adopt a holistic healthy aging approach.-Identified stakeholders prioritize public health reform, focusing on geroscience and tailored primary care for older adults.-Key social and infrastructural factors like loneliness, financial security, and housing are largely overlooked.
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    Scopus© Citations 1
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    Enhancing User Adherence to mHealth Apps: Preliminary Insights from a Systematic Review on Dropout Prediction and Prevention
    (OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2024-10-02)
    Jakob, Robert
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    Mueller, Flurin
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    EDEN: Towards a Computational Framework to Align Incentives in Healthy Aging
    Incentive misalignment among healthcare stakeholders poses significant barriers to promoting healthy aging, hindering efforts to mitigate the burden of long-term care. Despite extensive research in public health, incentive gaps persist, as static implementation guidelines often fail to accommodate dynamic and conflicting incentives. This study introduces and evaluates EDEN (eden.ethz.ch), a computational framework designed to dynamically map stakeholder incentives using a Retrieval-Augmented Generation pipeline. A comparative study using a health insurer use case evaluates alternative incentive analyses; qualitative content analysis, large language models, and EDEN. The evaluation assesses their ability to identify and address incentive gaps. Preliminary findings demonstrate the EDEN's ability to map incentives and highlight misalignment compared to alternative approaches. These findings demonstrate how EDEN can offer evidence-based strategies for key healthcare stakeholders, such as health insurers, based on retrieval features to align incentives in healthy aging.
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    Reimagining Preventive Care and Digital Health: A Paradigm Shift in a Health Insurance's Role
    (SciTePress, 2024) ;
    Kramer, Jan-Niklas
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    Amidst non-communicable diseases' substantial health and economic burdens, health insurance companies and digital health technologies (DHTs) are increasingly crucial in enabling preventive care and minimizing global health expenditure. This position paper explores the perspective of an innovation manager of a Swiss health insurer. The interview transcript was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results highlight the importance of current regulations, the future role of health insurance companies, and the potential of DHTs to promote preventive care and business model innovation.
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    Scalable Business Models in Digital Healthy Longevity: Lessons from Top-Funded Digital Health Companies in 2022
    Digital health companies can address significant healthcare challenges and mitigate the demographic impact on the health system. Healthcare value delivery becomes increasingly complex based on multiple health problems, different treatment methods and payment schemes, various care methods, and payment schemes; therefore, scaling up a healthcare solution is not trivial, especially for new companies. To explore the business models of the top-funded digital health companies and analyze the respective scalable element of their value creation and delivery processes, this study systematically used venture databases and a business model framework to describe top-funded companies. Then, we performed literature and desk research to specify which business model elements helped them scale up. As a result, we identified ten top-funded companies in the field; our main findings suggest that these companies scaled up by developing a platform for a wide range of users, in contrast to specific demogra phy and disease. We recommend that new digital companies in healthy longevity prioritize employers in customer acquisition and align incentives between patients and payers with the help of digital health data to improve transparency on return on investment.
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