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    Volatility, Valuation Ratios, and Bubbles: An Empirical Measure of Market Sentiment
    (2021-11-05) ;
    Ian Martin
    We define a sentiment indicator based on option prices, valuation ratios, and interest rates. The indicator can be interpreted as a lower bound on the expected growth in fundamentals that a rational investor would have to perceive to be happy to hold the market. The bound was unusually high in the late 1990s, reflecting dividend growth expectations that in our view were unreasonably optimistic. Our approach exploits two key ingredients. First, we derive a new valuation ratio decomposition that is related to the Campbell–Shiller loglinearization but that resembles the Gordon growth model more closely and has certain other advantages. Second, we introduce a volatility index that provides a lower bound on the market's expected log return.
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    Scopus© Citations 37
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    Scopus© Citations 18
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    Scopus© Citations 5
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    Survey Expectations Meet Option Prices: New Insights from the FX Market *
    (2024-09-27)
    Della Corte Pasquale
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    Jeanneret, Alexandra
    We reconcile two sources of forward-looking expectations for currency returns: consensus forecasts from major financial intermediaries and over-the-counter currency option prices. To connect these expectations, we adopt a broad framework based on no-arbitrage conditions and motivated by various benchmark asset pricing models. Using more than twenty years of data on a large cross-section of currency pairs with maturities of up to two years, we find that the average value of general risk preferences is between 3 and 4. The general risk preferences, moreover, display an upward-sloping term structure in ‘good times’ and a downward-sloping term structure during ‘bad times’.
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    Debt and Deficit: Fiscal Analysis with Stationary Ratios
    (2023-05-03)
    John Campbell
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    Ian Martin
    We study cointegrating relationships among fiscal variables and output and use them to introduce a new measure of the government's fiscal position. In the US since World War II, we find that the primary surplus-GDP ratio and the government debt-GDP ratio are nonstationary, which invalidates standard analytical approaches that assume them to be stationary. The tax revenue-debt ratio and the government expenditure-debt ratio are also nonstationary but their difference, the primary surplus-debt ratio, is stationary, as is the tax revenue-GDP ratio. We develop a new framework for fiscal analysis that takes account of these facts. Empirically, we find that a deterioration in the fiscal position forecasts a decline in government spending over the long run. It does not forecast increases in tax revenue; nor does it forecast low returns for bondholders. Fiscal adjustment to tax and expenditure shocks occurs primarily through mean-reversion in tax and expenditure growth, with a negligible contribution from expected and unexpected debt returns. We find similar results for postwar UK data.
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    Volatility, Valuation Ratios, and Bubbles: An Empirical Measure of Market Sentiment
    (2019-01-15) ;
    Ian Martin
    We define a sentiment indicator that exploits two contrasting views of return predictability, and study its properties. The indicator, which is based on option prices, valuation ratios and interest rates, was unusually high during the late 1990s, reflecting dividend growth expectations that in our view were unreasonably optimistic. We interpret it as helping to reveal irrational beliefs about fundamentals. We show that our measure is a leading indicator of detrended volume, and of various other measures associated with financial fragility. We also make two methodological contributions. First, we derive a new valuation-ratio decomposition that is related to the Campbell and Shiller (1988) loglinearization, but which resembles the traditional Gordon growth model more closely and has certain other advantages for our purposes. Second, we introduce a volatility index that provides a lower bound on the market's expected log return.
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    Debt and Deficit: Fiscal Analysis with Stationary Ratios
    (2023-05)
    John Campbell
    ;
    ;
    Ian W.R. Martin
    We study cointegrating relationships among fiscal variables and output and use them to introduce a new measure of the government's fiscal position. In the US since World War II, we find that the primary surplus-GDP ratio and the government debt-GDP ratio are nonstationary, which invalidates standard analytical approaches that assume them to be stationary. The tax revenue-debt ratio and the government expenditure-debt ratio are also nonstationary but their difference, the primary surplus-debt ratio, is stationary, as is the tax revenue-GDP ratio. We develop a new framework for fiscal analysis that takes account of these facts. Empirically, we find that a deterioration in the fiscal position forecasts a decline in government spending over the long run. It does not forecast increases in tax revenue; nor does it forecast low returns for bondholders. Fiscal adjustment to tax and expenditure shocks occurs primarily through mean-reversion in tax and expenditure growth, with a negligible contribution from expected and unexpected debt returns. We find similar results for postwar UK data.
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    Hiding in plain sight: preferred habitat effects in short-term rates *
    (2024-11-06) ;
    Augustin, Patrick
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    Biais, Bruno
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    This paper investigates the failure of the expectations hypothesis (EH) in an ideal yet critical setting: repurchase (repo) agreements, the short-term funding market underlying interbank lending. I exploit a regulatory reform which shortened the settlement cycle of bond markets to identify a preferred habitat of agents using repo to fund their fixed income positions. A tripledifferences identification strategy demonstrates that this shock deteriorated the EH performance of the treated segment, implying that preferred habitat effects can distort pricing even in optimal conditions. I argue that collateral scarcity and fragmentation act as a limit to arbitrage. My results further highlight a concerning usage of repo to finance leveraged positions.